Getting pregnant may seem straightforward, but there are a lot of behind-the-scenes actions happening in both partners’ bodies that often go unnoticed. When couples face challenges conceiving, male infertility can sometimes be a sensitive topic. Yet, it’s important to know that male factor infertility accounts for about 50% of infertility cases. In this piece, we’ll break down what male infertility is, its causes, symptoms, and potential paths to explore if you’re dealing with this diagnosis.
What Is Male Infertility?
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines clinical infertility as the inability to conceive after a year of regular unprotected intercourse. Male infertility specifically refers to cases where the female partner is known to be fertile. This diagnosis is only confirmed through a formal assessment by a healthcare professional. It’s worth noting that infertility affects roughly one in seven couples trying to conceive, and male factors contribute to at least half of these cases.
What Causes Male Infertility?
Several issues can contribute to male infertility, including problems with semen ejaculation, sperm motility, morphology, or even a low sperm count. Various biological and environmental factors can also impact male fertility. Here are some common causes:
- Genetic Disorders: Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or myotonic dystrophy can affect fertility.
- Varicocele: This condition involves swollen veins in the scrotum, which can lead to overheating and affect sperm health.
- Injury or Inflammation: Issues in the testicular area can impact fertility.
- Oligospermia: This is characterized by low or poor-quality sperm production.
- Hormonal Imbalances: Problems with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland can disrupt hormone levels, affecting fertility.
- Lifestyle Choices: Heavy drinking, smoking, and illegal drug use can negatively impact sperm production.
Symptoms of Male Infertility
While many men may not show obvious signs of infertility, there are a few symptoms to watch out for:
- Difficulty with ejaculation or low semen volume.
- Problems with sexual function, including trouble maintaining an erection.
- Decreased libido or sexual desire.
- Pain or swelling in the testicle area.
- Hormonal imbalance signs, like reduced body hair or unusual breast tissue growth.
- A sperm count lower than 15 million sperm per milliliter, which can be determined through a semen analysis.
When to Consult a Doctor
Men should seek evaluation for infertility if they haven’t achieved a successful pregnancy after a year of trying, especially if they experience:
- Issues with sexual function or libido.
- Pain or swelling in the testicles.
- A history of testicular or prostate problems.
- A partner over the age of 35.
Diagnostic Tests for Male Infertility
The diagnostic process typically starts with a physical examination to gauge overall health and identify any fertility-impacting issues. A comprehensive semen analysis is commonly performed, which checks for:
- Sperm volume and concentration.
- Sperm motility and morphology.
- Other factors like pH and viscosity.
Treatment Options for Male Infertility
Not all cases of male infertility are permanent. Thanks to advancements in medical technology, several treatment options are available:
- Medications: Hormonal treatments can enhance sperm production, and antibiotics may help if there’s an infection.
- Surgery: Procedures like varicocele repair or testicular biopsy can help retrieve sperm for use in assisted reproductive technologies.
- Lifestyle Changes: Adopting healthier habits, such as reducing alcohol and quitting smoking, can improve fertility.
Preventing Male Factor Infertility
While not all infertility is preventable, some practices can support male fertility:
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol.
- Maintain a healthy weight and reduce stress.
- Limit exposure to environmental toxins.
- Avoid prolonged heat exposure to the testicles.
For more insights on male factor infertility, feel free to check out some of our other blog posts, like this one on surrogacy that shares a personal journey through challenges and heartaches.
Summary
Male infertility is a common issue that can stem from various causes, including genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, and lifestyle choices. Symptoms can be subtle, and men should seek medical advice if they experience issues after a year of trying to conceive. Early diagnosis and treatment, ranging from medication to lifestyle changes, can make a significant difference.